Compressed Biogas (CBG) Glossary

A 45 terms

A-weighted scale (A-weighting, dB(A)) — The A-weighted scale, written dB(A), is a frequency weighting applied to sound measurements so they reflect how the…
AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectrometry) — AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy) is a laboratory technique that measures lead, arsenic, nickel and other heavy…
Acetoclastic Pathway — The dominant methane-forming route in anaerobic digestion, where acetoclastic methanogens split acetic acid into…
Acetogenesis (acetogenic stage, syntrophic acetogenesis) — Acetogenesis is stage 3 of anaerobic digestion where acetogenic bacteria convert volatile fatty acids into acetate,…
Acetogenic bacteria (acid-forming bacteria) — Microorganisms in Stage 3 of anaerobic digestion that convert volatile fatty acids and alcohols into acetic acid,…
acid formation (acid build-up, acidification in digester) — The production of volatile fatty acids during acidogenesis in anaerobic digestion; when excessive, it lowers pH and…
acid-forming bacteria (acidogenic bacteria, acidogens) — Microorganisms responsible for Stage 2 of anaerobic digestion (acidogenesis), converting dissolved organics into…
acidity (acidity in AD, pH acidity) — The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution measured as pH. In anaerobic digestion, acidity must remain near…
Acidogenesis (acid formation stage, acidogenic stage) — Acidogenesis is the second stage of anaerobic digestion where acidogenic bacteria ferment simple molecules from…
acoustic enclosure (acoustic hood, sound enclosure) — An acoustic enclosure is a sound-insulating structure built around noisy equipment, most commonly a diesel generator…
activated carbon (activated carbon, activated charcoal) — Activated carbon is a highly porous form of carbon — derived from coal, wood, or coconut shell — with an…
AD (Anaerobic Digestion, anaerobic digestion process) — Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is the biological process in which microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence…
adsorbent beds (adsorption columns, activated carbon beds) — Packed columns of porous solid material — such as activated carbon or molecular sieves — through which raw biogas…
Adsorption — A surface phenomenon where molecules from a gas or liquid bind to the surface of a solid material without penetrating…
aggregator (scrap aggregator (in waste context), waste aggregator) — In India's waste sector, an aggregator is an intermediary that consolidates dry recyclables from multiple kabadiwalas…
agitation system (digester agitation, mixing system) — The mechanical or hydraulic mixing equipment inside a biogas digester that keeps slurry homogeneous, prevents…
Agitator (Agitator, digester mixer) — Mechanical or hydraulic equipment installed in a biogas digester to continuously stir the slurry, prevent solids…
Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (Air Act, Air Act 1981) — The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is the central Indian law that established the framework for…
Air Act (Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981, Air Pollution Act India) — The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 is India's primary law for controlling industrial air…
alkaline solution (caustic solution, wet scrubbing solution) — A liquid with pH above 7 — typically a sodium or potassium hydroxide solution — used in wet scrubbers to absorb…
Alkalinity (alkaline conditions, buffering capacity) — The capacity of a solution to neutralise acids and resist pH changes, measured by its bicarbonate, carbonate, and…
Alkalinity Ratio (VFA to alkalinity ratio, stability ratio) — The ratio of total volatile fatty acids to total alkalinity in a digester sample; a key early-warning indicator of…
Alpha emitter (alpha emitter, alpha-emitting radionuclide) — An alpha emitter is a radioactive material that releases alpha particles (helium nuclei) when it decays. The effluent…
alternator (AC generator, genset alternator) — An alternator is the electrical machine that converts the mechanical rotation of an engine into alternating-current…
Ambient Air Quality (ambient air, AAQ) — Ambient air quality is the quality of air in the open environment that people, plants and animals actually breathe in…
ambient noise standards (ambient noise standard, noise standards) — Ambient noise standards are the legal maximum noise levels, measured in dB(A), that an area must stay within. In…
Amine scrubbing (amine absorption, chemical scrubbing biogas) — Amine scrubbing is a chemical absorption process for upgrading biogas, where CO2 is selectively absorbed into an…
ammonia (ammonia toxicity, free ammonia inhibition) — The process disruption caused by excessive ammonia concentrations in a biogas digester, which impairs methanogenic…
ammonia evaporation (ammonia volatilisation, ammonia loss from digestate) — The loss of dissolved ammonia (NH₃) from liquid digestate or manure as a gas when pH rises, temperature increases, or…
ammoniacal (ammoniacal, NH₃-N) — The fraction of total nitrogen present as ammonia (NH₃) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) combined, expressed as NH₄-N. The primary…
Ammoniacal nitrogen (ammonia nitrogen, NH3-N) — Ammoniacal nitrogen is ammonia-nitrogen (as N) dissolved in water. The inland surface water, public sewers and marine…
ammonium (ammonium, NH₄⁺) — The positively charged ion NH₄⁺ formed when ammonia dissolves in water. In soil and digestate, it is the dominant…
Ammonium Nitrogen (50 – 80% of Total N) (NH₄-N, NH4-N) — The fraction of total nitrogen present as the ammonium ion (NH₄⁺). In digestate, typically 50–80% of total N is…
ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄, ammonium sulphate) — A nitrogen-rich inorganic fertilizer ((NH₄)₂SO₄) produced from ammonia and sulfuric acid, used in agriculture to…
ammonium-N (NH₄-N, ammonium nitrogen) — Nitrogen measured as the NH₄⁺ ion in a solution or solid. Standard analytical parameter for quantifying the…
Anaerobic Digestate (Digestate, biogas digestate) — Anaerobic Digestate is the nutrient-rich organic residue remaining after organic waste is processed in a biogas…
anaerobic digester (anaerobic digester, biogas digester) — A sealed vessel in which microorganisms break down organic material in the absence of oxygen to produce biogas and…
anaerobic digestion (AD, AD process) — Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is a biological process where microorganisms break down organic matter in the absence of…
Anaerobic Digestion (AD) (Anaerobic Digestion, AD) — Anaerobic Digestion (AD) is a biological process in which microorganisms break down organic matter — such as food…
Annexure-I (Annexure-I, Annexure I) — Annexure-I is a schedule appended to the effluent discharge standards specifying additional parameters and conditions…
Annual Maintenance Contracts (AMCs) (Annual Maintenance Contracts (AMCs), AMC) — An Annual Maintenance Contract (AMC) is a yearly service agreement between a plant operator and an equipment supplier…
Anode Bake Oven (anode baking furnace, anode bake furnace) — An anode bake oven is a furnace in aluminium smelters that bakes carbon-paste anodes to harden them. It emits…
ASME (ASME, American Society of Mechanical Engineers) — American Society of Mechanical Engineers — the professional body that publishes widely adopted codes and standards…
assured purchase (guaranteed offtake, OMC offtake) — A contractual guarantee by an Oil Marketing Company (OMC) to buy Bio-CNG from a SATAT-registered plant at a…
austenitic stainless steel (300-series stainless steel) — The most widely used family of stainless steels, characterised by a face-centred cubic crystal structure,…

B 23 terms

Bagasse (sugarcane bagasse, bagasse fuel) — Bagasse is the fibrous residue left after crushing sugarcane to extract juice. It is widely used as a renewable…
Bank Guarantee (bank guarantee, BG) — A written commitment from a bank to pay a regulator a specified sum if the industrial unit fails to meet a consent…
bankability (bankable project) — The quality of a project that makes it acceptable to banks for financing — characterised by predictable cash flows,…
BAT (best available technology, best available techniques) — BAT stands for Best Available Technology — the most effective and practical treatment methods available that can…
Best Available Technology (BAT, best available techniques) — Best Available Technology (BAT) is the most effective and practical treatment method available that can achieve…
Beta emitter (beta emitter, beta-emitting radionuclide) — A beta emitter is a radioactive material that releases beta particles (electrons or positrons) on decay. The effluent…
Bio-CNG (Compressed Biogas (CBG), biomethane CNG) — Renewable methane produced from organic waste by anaerobic digestion, purified to natural-gas quality (≥90% CH₄), and…
bio-scrubbers (bio-scrubbers, bio-scrubber) — Gas purification equipment that uses live microorganisms to biologically oxidise hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and other…
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD, BOD3) — Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the oxygen micro-organisms need to break down organic matter in water over a set…
Biogas (raw biogas, biomethane gas) — Biogas is a gas mixture of primarily methane (55-65%) and CO2 (35-40%) produced by anaerobic digestion of organic…
biogas generation systems (biogas generation systems, biogas system) — Biogas generation systems are integrated facilities that convert organic waste into biogas through controlled…
Biogas upgrading (biomethane production, biogas purification) — Biogas upgrading removes CO2, H2S, and other impurities from raw biogas to produce purified biomethane with 90-99%…
biogas yield (gas yield, biogas production rate) — Biogas yield is the volume of biogas produced per unit weight of feedstock, expressed as m3/tonne VS, and is the…
biogas yields (Biogas Yield, gas yield) — Biogas yield is the volume or mass of biogas produced per unit of feedstock processed — a key performance indicator…
Biological treatment (biological treatment, bio-treatment) — Biological treatment is the use of bacteria, fungi or other micro-organisms to break down organic pollutants in…
biomass (organic biomass, lignocellulosic biomass) — Organic material from plants and animals that can be converted to energy, including agricultural residues, energy…
biomethane (biomethane, bio-CNG) — Purified biogas with methane content above 95%, produced by removing CO₂, H₂S, and other impurities from raw biogas.…
blending mandates (blending mandates, blending mandate) — Blending mandates are government regulations requiring fuel distributors or city gas distribution companies to blend…
BOD (BOD, BOD5) — BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) is the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms when decomposing organic…
Boilers and Furnaces (industrial boiler, fire tube boiler) — A closed pressure vessel in which water is heated to produce steam or hot water for space heating, process heating,…
break-even utilisation (break-even capacity utilisation, minimum viable utilisation) — Break-even utilisation is the minimum percentage of installed capacity at which a recycling plant's total revenue…
Brewery (brewery, beer brewery) — A brewery is a beer-manufacturing facility. The wastewater generation benchmark is 0.25 m³ per kilolitre of beer…
bulk density (apparent density, packing density) — The mass of a material per unit volume including all inter-particle air space, expressed in kg/m³. Lower bulk density…

C 57 terms

C:N ratio (C:N ratio, Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio) — The Carbon to Nitrogen (C:N) ratio is the proportion of carbon to nitrogen in an organic feedstock. A C:N ratio of…
CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate, compounded annual growth rate) — CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate) is the rate at which an investment, revenue, or market grows from an initial value…
Calcination (calcining, calcine) — Calcination is the thermal treatment that drives off volatile or chemically combined moisture and CO₂ from minerals…
Calorific Value (CV, GCV) — Heat energy released per unit of fuel when fully burned. Expressed as Gross Calorific Value (GCV) or Net Calorific…
CAPEX (Capital Expenditure, capital cost) — CAPEX (Capital Expenditure) refers to the one-time upfront investments required to acquire or build long-term assets…
capital cost (capex, capital expenditure) — The total expenditure on fixed assets required to build a biogas or recycling plant — identical in concept to CAPEX,…
Capital Cost (CAPEX) (Capital Cost (CAPEX), CAPEX) — CAPEX (Capital Expenditure) is the total upfront investment required to acquire, build, or upgrade physical assets —…
carbon credits (carbon credit, CER) — Carbon credits are tradeable permits representing one tonne of CO2 equivalent emissions avoided or removed, providing…
Carbon Monoxide (Carbon Monoxide, CO) — A colourless, odourless, tasteless toxic gas produced by incomplete combustion of carbon-containing fuels. Carbon…
Carbon to Nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio, Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio) — The Carbon to Nitrogen ratio (C:N ratio) measures the proportion of carbon to nitrogen in an organic feedstock — the…
Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio (Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio, C:N ratio) — The Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio (C:N ratio) expresses the proportion of carbon to nitrogen in an organic feedstock. For…
Category A (Category A, Category A project) — The highest-impact EIA project classification under India's EIA Notification, 2006. Category A projects require…
Caustic Soda (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) — Caustic soda is sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Its wastewater generation benchmarks are 1 m³ per tonne for the membrane…
CBG (CBG, bio-CNG) — Compressed Biogas (CBG) is biogas that has been purified to remove CO2 and impurities, then compressed to 200-250 bar…
CCS (CCS, carbon capture) — Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a technology that captures CO2 emissions from industrial sources and stores them…
CE (CE, CE marking) — Conformité Européenne — a mandatory product safety mark for goods sold in the European Economic Area. Equipment…
cellulose (lignocellulose, cellulosic biomass) — The most abundant organic polymer on Earth — a linear chain of glucose units that forms plant cell walls. Slow to…
CEMS (CEMS, CEMS meaning) — CEMS (Continuous Emission Monitoring System) is sensor equipment installed on industrial stacks to continuously…
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB, Central PCB) — CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) is India's apex environmental regulator, established under the Water Act 1974,…
Centrifugal pump (Centrifugal pump, centrifugal water pump) — A pump that uses a rotating impeller to add velocity to fluid, converting that velocity to pressure in the volute…
centrifuges (centrifuges, centrifuge) — High-speed rotating machines that use centrifugal force to separate solids from liquids in digestate — producing a…
certification (product certification, third-party certification) — The formal verification by an accredited third party that a product or process meets specified standards — required…
CGD (CGD, CGD network) — City Gas Distribution (CGD) is India's piped natural gas network delivering gas to homes, businesses, and CNG…
CGTMSE (Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises, credit guarantee scheme) — CGTMSE (Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises) is a Government of India trust that provides…
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD, chemical oxygen demand test) — Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is the total oxygen needed to chemically oxidise all pollutants in wastewater, including…
Chemiluminescence (chemiluminescence analyser, CLD) — Chemiluminescence is an analytical technique that measures NO₂, ammonia or ozone by detecting the light emitted from…
Chlorine (Cl2, chlorine gas) — Chlorine is a pungent greenish-yellow gas used in chemical industries that is corrosive to the lungs even at low…
CHP (CHP, Combined Heat and Power) — Combined Heat and Power — a system that simultaneously generates electricity and usable thermal energy from a single…
Chromium (chromium, Cr) — Chromium (Cr) is a toxic heavy metal. The inland surface water effluent limit is 2.0 mg/L total chromium and 0.1 mg/L…
CH₄ percentage (CH₄ percentage, % CH₄) — CH₄ percentage is the volumetric concentration of methane in a biogas or upgraded gas stream, expressed as a…
circular economy — An economic model that eliminates waste by keeping materials in use as long as possible through reuse, repair,…
cleaner fuel (clean fuel, cleaner burning fuel) — A comparative characterisation of compressed biogas as producing lower emissions than diesel or petrol when used as…
clog (clogging, blockage) — The partial or complete blockage of a pipe, pump, or screen by solid material in digestate or feedstock — one of the…
CNG (CNG, CNG fuel) — Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is fossil-origin natural gas compressed to 200-250 bar for use as a vehicle fuel. It is…
COD (COD, COD meaning) — COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) is the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidise all organic matter in water,…
compete with food or fodder use (food vs fuel competition, food-fodder-fuel conflict) — The risk that dedicating agricultural land or crop material to biogas feedstock diverts it from food or animal feed…
competent authority (designated authority, appropriate authority) — A competent authority is the specific government body or official legally empowered to grant permissions and enforce…
composted (composted digestate, co-composted) — Organic material that has completed controlled aerobic decomposition into a stable, pathogen-free state. Composted…
composting (composting, aerobic composting) — A stable, humus-rich organic soil amendment produced by controlled aerobic decomposition of organic waste by…
Compressed Natural Gas (Compressed Natural Gas, CNG) — Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is natural gas — primarily methane — compressed to less than 1% of its atmospheric…
compressor (compressor, gas compressor) — A mechanical device that increases gas pressure by reducing its volume — essential in CBG plants for compressing…
consent (consent, CTE/CTO) — Consent is the Consent to Establish (CTE) and Consent to Operate (CTO) issued by the State Pollution Control Board…
consent fee (consent fee, CTE fee) — The fee charged by State Pollution Control Boards for granting Consent to Establish (CTE) or Consent to Operate…
Consent to Establish (CTE, CTE meaning) — Consent to Establish (CTE) is the formal SPCB approval that permits an entrepreneur to set up an industrial plant at…
Consent to Operate (CTO, CTO pollution control) — Consent to Operate (CTO) is the SPCB approval that an industrial plant must obtain before commencing regular…
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) (CSTR, Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor) — A biogas digester design where continuous mechanical mixing keeps the slurry homogeneous, ensuring uniform…
Copper (copper, Cu) — Copper (Cu) is a heavy metal toxic to aquatic life at low concentrations. The inland surface water and public sewers…
cost-competitive (cost competitive, economically competitive) — A characterisation that compressed biogas can be produced at a cost that competes with fossil CNG or diesel when…
CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board, CPCB India) — The Central Pollution Control Board is India's apex statutory body for environmental regulation, constituted under…
crop residue (agricultural residue, straw) — Plant material remaining in fields after crop harvest — stalks, leaves, husks, and roots — used as a feedstock for…
crusher/shredder (crusher/shredder, shredder) — Industrial machines that break down bulky waste items — tyres, electronics, plastics, organic material — into…
CSTR (Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor, CSTR digester) — Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor — the most common biogas digester design, using mechanical mixing to maintain…
CTE (CTE, CTE full form) — Consent to Establish (CTE) is a mandatory written approval from a State Pollution Control Board that allows an…
CTE/CTO (CTE, CTO) — CTE (Consent to Establish) and CTO (Consent to Operate) are the two mandatory approvals issued by a State Pollution…
CTO (CTO, CTO full form) — Consent to Operate (CTO) is a mandatory SPCB approval issued after plant construction is complete, authorising an…
Cupola (cupola furnace, foundry cupola) — A cupola is a vertical shaft furnace used in iron foundries to melt scrap iron with coke. It emits particulate matter…
Cyanide (cyanide, CN) — Cyanide is the highly toxic CN ion from electroplating, mining and chemical industries. The inland surface water…

D 22 terms

DAP (Diammonium Phosphate, DAP fertilizer) — DAP stands for Diammonium Phosphate — a widely used synthetic fertilizer containing 18% nitrogen and 46% phosphorus…
dB(A) (dB(A), dBA) — dB(A) is the A-weighted decibel scale — a measurement of sound pressure level weighted to reflect the sensitivity of…
DEAC (DEAC, District Expert Appraisal Committee) — District Expert Appraisal Committee — a district-level expert body under India's EIA framework that examines Category…
DEIAA (District Environment Impact Assessment Authority, District Environmental Clearance Authority) — DEIAA (District Environment Impact Assessment Authority) grants Environmental Clearance for Category B2 minor-mineral…
Density: About 1.5 times heavier than air (CO2 density relative to air, heavier than air gas) — Carbon dioxide is approximately 1.5 times denser than air — meaning it sinks and accumulates in low-lying areas such…
designated authority (competent authority, designated officer) — A designated authority is the government body or officer that a law or notification names to exercise a particular…
Dewatered (Dewatered, digestate dewatering) — Mechanical removal of water from liquid digestate using a screw press or decanter centrifuge, producing a stackable…
Diesel Generator (DG) sets (DG set, diesel generator set) — A diesel generator (DG) set is a self-contained backup power unit pairing a diesel engine with an alternator to…
digestate (anaerobic digestate, digested slurry) — Digestate is the semi-liquid residue remaining after organic material has been processed through anaerobic digestion.…
Digestate quality (digestate quality, digestate) — Digestate quality refers to the chemical composition and physical properties of the residue produced after anaerobic…
digester souring (souring, acid accumulation digester) — Digester souring is a severe operational failure in a biogas plant where VFA accumulation drops the digester pH below…
disperses (dispersal, even distribution) — The property of liquid digestate to spread evenly when applied to soil by tanker or irrigation system — referring to…
disposal challenge (digestate disposal, liquid waste disposal) — The operational difficulty of managing and disposing of large volumes of digestate from biogas plants — a significant…
Dissolved Phosphates (dissolved phosphate, phosphate as P) — Dissolved phosphates are phosphate (as P) in soluble form in effluent, which promotes algal blooms (eutrophication)…
Distillery (distillery, alcohol distillery) — A distillery is an alcohol-manufacturing facility, typically from molasses or grain. The wastewater generation…
DM (DM, dry matter content) — Dry Matter (DM) is the solid content of a material after removing all water, expressed as a percentage of fresh…
Dosing Accuracy (dosing precision, pump dosing accuracy) — The precision with which a dosing pump delivers a specified volume or mass of chemical per cycle — typically…
DPR (Detailed Project Report, project report) — DPR (Detailed Project Report) is the comprehensive technical and financial document submitted to banks, government…
drip or sprinkler irrigation (drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation) — Precision water delivery systems: drip delivers directly to roots via emitters; sprinkler distributes over the…
Dry Matter (DM, Dry Matter (DM)) — Dry Matter (DM) is the mass of a material after all moisture is removed — used to standardise feedstock quality…
Dry Matter (DM) (Dry Matter, DM) — Dry Matter (DM) is the portion of a material — expressed as a percentage — that remains after all water is removed by…
DSCR (Debt Service Coverage Ratio, debt coverage ratio) — DSCR (Debt Service Coverage Ratio) is calculated as net operating income divided by total debt service (principal +…

E 25 terms

E. coli (Escherichia coli, faecal indicator bacteria) — A rod-shaped bacterium used as a faecal contamination indicator in digestate quality testing. Its elimination is a…
EAC (EAC, EAC full form) — The Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) is the central technical committee under MoEFCC that reviews EIA reports for…
ED-XRF (energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence, ED XRF) — ED-XRF (Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence) is a non-destructive technique that measures lead and other metals on…
effluent (effluent, industrial effluent) — Liquid waste or wastewater discharged as a by-product of industrial processes, containing dissolved chemicals,…
Effluent Discharge Standards (effluent standards, discharge standards) — Effluent Discharge Standards are the legally prescribed limits on pollutant concentrations — BOD, COD, suspended…
Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP, ETP meaning) — An Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) is a multi-stage facility that treats industrial wastewater to remove pollutants…
EIA (EIA, EIA report) — An EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) is a systematic study of a proposed project's environmental effects,…
EIA Notification 2006 (S.O. 1533, EIA Notification) — The EIA Notification 2006 (S.O. 1533) is the Indian regulation that makes Environmental Clearance mandatory for…
Electrical Conductivity (EC, dS/m) — A measure of a solution's ability to carry electric current, used to quantify dissolved salt concentration. In soil…
Electrical Conductivity (1.0 – 10.0 dS/m) (EC 1.0–10.0 dS/m, digestate salinity range) — The electrical conductivity range of digestate — 1.0 to 10.0 dS/m — indicating the dissolved salt and nutrient…
Emission (air emission, stack emission) — Emission is the release of pollutants — gases, particulate matter or vapours — into the air from a source such as a…
Emission Standards (air emission standards, stack emission limits) — Emission Standards are the legally prescribed limits on the maximum concentration or quantity of pollutants that may…
EMP (EMP, EMP in EIA) — An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the action component of an EIA report that specifies how a project will…
Energy crops (dedicated energy crops, bioenergy crops) — Plants cultivated specifically to produce biomass for energy generation, not for food, including high-yield grasses…
engine modification (no engine modification, CNG engine compatibility) — The property of compressed biogas that standard CNG-certified vehicles require no engine modification to use CBG — at…
Ensiling (silage making, fermentation preservation) — The process of preserving green biomass by packing it into an oxygen-free environment where lactic acid bacteria…
Entire plant is used, with high moisture content (whole plant harvest, high moisture energy crop) — A characteristic of Napier grass and similar energy crops — the entire plant (stem, leaf, and root zone stump) is…
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EP Act, EPA 1986) — The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is India's umbrella environmental law. It empowers the central government to…
environmental clearance (EC, Prior Environmental Clearance) — Environmental Clearance (EC) is the formal approval issued by MoEFCC or SEIAA permitting a major industrial project…
Environmental Management Plan (EMP, EMP in EIA) — An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is the mandatory action-oriented section of every EIA Report that specifies…
Environmental Statement (Environmental return, EP Rules environmental statement) — An Environmental Statement is an annual return submitted to the SPCB that discloses a factory's actual pollution…
EOR (EOR, Enhanced Oil Recovery) — Enhanced Oil Recovery — a technique that injects CO₂ (or other gases/fluids) into oil reservoirs to increase pressure…
ETP (ETP, ETP meaning) — An Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) is a facility that treats industrial wastewater using physical, chemical, and…
exhaust muffler (silencer, exhaust silencer) — An exhaust muffler (silencer) is a device fitted to an engine's exhaust to reduce the noise of the escaping…
Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC, EAC EIA India) — The Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) is a central-government expert panel that reviews EIA reports for large Category…

F 15 terms

Factories Act, 1948 (Factories Act, Factories Act India) — The Factories Act, 1948 is India's central law governing occupational health, safety, and working conditions in…
Feedstock (raw material, input material) — Feedstock is the raw input material fed into an industrial plant. In recycling and biogas plants, it is the waste or…
feedstock composition (feedstock composition, feedstock) — The specific types and proportions of organic waste materials fed into a biogas digester or pyrolysis reactor.…
Fermentation Industry (fermentation industry, fermentation industries) — The Fermentation Industry covers industries producing alcohol, beer and related products by microbial fermentation —…
Fertilizer (fertilizer, fertiliser) — Fertilizer refers to plant-nutrient manufacturing. Wastewater benchmarks are 5 m³ per tonne for straight nitrogenous…
financially viable (financially viable project, project viability) — A determination that a compressed biogas or recycling project generates sufficient revenue to cover all costs and…
First Schedule (First Schedule, First Schedule consent guidelines) — The schedule appended to India's 2025 Consolidated Consent Guidelines (GSR 84(E)) that contains the official…
Fluoride (F, fluoride emissions) — Fluoride is a reactive halogen pollutant from aluminium smelters, phosphate fertiliser plants and brick kilns that…
Foam Layers (foaming, digester foam) — A layer of gas-entrapped organic material on the digester surface caused by certain feedstocks or rapid VFA…
Food Grade (food-grade CO₂, food grade material) — A quality classification for CO₂ or materials confirming they meet the purity standards required for direct contact…
Free ammonia (free ammonia, un-ionised ammonia) — Free ammonia is the un-ionised ammonia (NH₃) dissolved in water, which is toxic to aquatic life. The inland surface…
FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, food safety licence) — FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) is the statutory body under the Ministry of Health that sets…
fuel efficiency (energy efficiency, engine fuel economy) — The amount of useful work (distance travelled or power generated) obtained per unit of fuel — CBG-powered engines…
fuel standards (fuel standards, bio-CNG quality standards) — Technical specifications that compressed biogas must meet for use as a vehicle fuel or pipeline injection — including…
FYM (FYM, Farm Yard Manure) — Farm Yard Manure (FYM) is a traditional organic fertiliser composed of decomposed animal dung, urine, and bedding…

G 16 terms

Double-membrane gas holders (biogas storage tank, double-membrane gas holder) — A flexible membrane balloon or rigid tank that buffers biogas production fluctuations, maintaining steady supply…
Gas Flow Rate (Gas Flow Rate, Biogas Flow Rate) — The volume of gas passing through a point in a system per unit of time, typically expressed in cubic metres per hour…
gas production speed and yield (biogas production rate, gas yield rate) — The combined measure of how quickly and how much biogas an anaerobic digester produces — influenced by temperature,…
gas yield (gas yield, biogas yield) — Gas yield is the volume of biogas produced per unit mass of organic feedstock fed into a digester, typically…
GGE (Gallon Gasoline Equivalent, GGE unit) — GGE stands for Gallon Gasoline Equivalent — a unit expressing how much of an alternative fuel equals one US gallon of…
Government Subsidies (government support, financial incentives) — Financial support provided by government agencies to reduce the capital burden of setting up waste-processing or…
government support (government subsidies, policy support) — The financial and regulatory measures the Indian government provides to support biogas, recycling, and renewable…
grain harvest (grain crop harvest, cereal grain harvest timing) — The full-maturity harvest of cereal crops for grain — contrasted with early silage harvest for biogas feedstock,…
Gram Panchayat (Gram Panchayat, GP) — The lowest tier of rural local government in India, with jurisdiction over one or more villages. In the environmental…
Gravimetric (gravimetric method, gravimetric analysis) — Gravimetric is the reference method for measuring particulate matter: ambient air is drawn through a pre-weighed…
greenhouse gas (GHG, greenhouse gases) — Greenhouse gases (GHGs) -- including CO2, methane, and nitrous oxide -- trap heat in the atmosphere and drive climate…
greenhouse gas emissions (greenhouse gas emissions, GHG emissions) — Gases released into the atmosphere that trap heat and contribute to global warming — primarily CO₂, methane (CH₄),…
grid outages (power cuts, grid outage) — Grid outages are temporary interruptions in the electricity supply from the public distribution network. For…
GSR 84(E) (GSR-84(E), GSR 84E) — GSR 84(E) is a 2025 gazette notification issued by MoEFCC that amended consent frameworks and introduced updated…
GSR-84(E) (GSR 84(E), GSR-84E) — GSR-84(E) is the January 2025 Gazette notification under the Air Act that standardised India's SPCB consent…
GST (Goods and Services Tax, GST India) — GST (Goods and Services Tax) is India's unified indirect tax that replaced multiple central and state taxes from 1…

H 14 terms

Harvest for silage usually happens before full grain maturity (silage harvest timing, whole-crop silage harvest stage) — The optimal timing for harvesting energy crops as silage for biogas — cutting at the dough stage (before full grain…
Heat exchangers (shell and tube heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger) — A device that transfers heat between two fluids without mixing them. Used in biogas plants to heat incoming slurry to…
hemicellulose — A heterogeneous group of branched carbohydrate polymers in plant cell walls that surrounds cellulose microfibrils.…
hidden nutrient deficiencies (micronutrient deficiency, trace element deficiency) — Sub-optimal biogas production caused by deficiency of trace elements (iron, cobalt, nickel, selenium) that are not…
high carbon (high-carbon feedstock, carbon-rich material) — A feedstock with a high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (above 30:1) — such as crop straw, paper, or wood — which needs…
High fat or protein content (high fat feedstock, high protein feedstock) — A feedstock characteristic associated with enhanced biogas yield but also increased inhibition risk — high-fat…
high nitrogen (high-nitrogen feedstock, nitrogen-rich material) — A feedstock with a low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (below 15:1) — such as poultry manure or slaughterhouse waste — that…
HRT (HRT, HRT biogas) — Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) is the average number of days feedstock slurry spends inside a biogas digester before…
HSN (Harmonised System of Nomenclature, HSN code) — HSN (Harmonised System of Nomenclature) is an internationally standardised 6-8 digit product classification code used…
hydraulic retention time (HRT, HRT in biogas) — Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) is the average number of days that feed material remains inside an anaerobic digester…
Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) (HRT, Hydraulic Retention Time) — Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) is the average number of days that liquid feedstock or slurry remains inside a biogas…
Hydrochloric acid (HCl, hydrogen chloride) — Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a highly corrosive acid released as vapour or mist from chemical and metal-treatment…
hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulfide, H₂S) — Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is a toxic, corrosive, flammable gas naturally present in raw biogas, produced by…
Hydrolysis (hydrolysis stage, enzymatic hydrolysis) — Hydrolysis is the first stage of anaerobic digestion where complex organic polymers -- carbohydrates, proteins, and…

I 14 terms

Indicative (indicative figures, indicative values) — A qualifier used in business plan and feasibility reports to signal that a number is an approximate planning…
industrial wastewater (industrial wastewater, industrial effluent) — Industrial wastewater is effluent generated by manufacturing or processing activities, typically containing process…
Inhibitory substances (digester inhibitors, AD inhibition) — Chemicals or compounds in feedstock that slow or stop anaerobic digestion by poisoning microbial enzymes or…
initial investment (upfront investment, project capital) — The total capital required to establish a biogas or recycling plant before revenue begins — covering civil…
insertion loss (acoustic insertion loss, noise insertion loss) — Insertion loss is the reduction in noise level, measured in dB(A), achieved by fitting an acoustic enclosure,…
Integrated Iron & Steel (integrated iron and steel, integrated steel plant) — Integrated Iron & Steel refers to a steel mill that combines ironmaking and steelmaking in one facility. The…
Iron (iron, Fe) — Iron (Fe) is a metal regulated in effluent at a limit of 3 mg/L across most discharge modes. It causes brown staining…
IRR (Internal Rate of Return, project IRR) — IRR (Internal Rate of Return) is the discount rate at which the net present value of a project's cash flows equals…
IS 16087:2016 (IS 16087, bio-CNG quality standard) — IS 16087:2016 is the BIS quality standard for bio-CNG in India, defining minimum methane content and maximum impurity…
IS sieve (IS sieve, BIS sieve) — An IS sieve is a standard test sieve specified by the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). The 850-micron IS sieve is…
ISO (ISO, International Organization for Standardization) — International Organization for Standardization — the independent, non-governmental international body that develops…
ISO 14001 (ISO 14001, ISO 14001:2015) — The international standard for environmental management systems. ISO 14001 certification means an organisation…
ISO 9001 (ISO 9001, ISO 9001:2015) — The international standard for quality management systems. An ISO 9001 certificate from a vendor means their design,…
ITC (ITC, ITC under GST) — Input Tax Credit (ITC) is the mechanism under India's GST system that allows a registered business to deduct the GST…

K 4 terms

kabadiwala (scrap dealer (informal), kabaadiwala) — Kabadiwala (from Urdu/Hindi: kabad = junk) is an informal itinerant or shop-based scrap buyer who collects household…
kg VS/m³/day (Organic Loading Rate, OLR) — kg VS/m³/day (kilograms of volatile solids per cubic metre per day) is the standard unit for measuring Organic…
KLD (KLD, Kilo Litres per Day) — KLD (Kilo Litres per Day) is a unit measuring liquid flow or discharge volume equal to 1,000 litres per day. It is…
KVA (KVA, kVA) — KVA (Kilovolt-Ampere) is a unit of apparent electrical power equal to 1,000 volt-amperes, used to rate generators,…

L 13 terms

lakh INR (lakh INR, ₹ lakh) — One lakh equals 100,000 units in the Indian numbering system. One lakh Indian Rupees (₹1,00,000) is a standard unit…
Land for Irrigation (irrigation discharge, land disposal of effluent) — Land for irrigation is the use of treated effluent for agricultural land application. Its discharge standards differ…
landfill (sanitary landfill, dump) — A land-based waste disposal site where solid waste is deposited in engineered cells, compacted, and covered. Modern…
Leq (equivalent continuous sound level, LAeq) — Leq, the equivalent continuous sound level, is the single steady noise level that contains the same total acoustic…
LFOM (LFOM, Liquid Fermented Organic Manure) — Liquid Fermented Organic Manure — the liquid fraction of anaerobic digestate that has been fermented to convert…
LHV (LHV, Lower Heating Value) — Lower Heating Value (LHV) is the energy content of a fuel measured by complete combustion, excluding the heat…
life cycle (LCA, life cycle analysis) — A methodology for quantifying the total environmental impact of a product from raw material extraction through…
lignin — A complex aromatic polymer that binds plant cell wall fibres, providing structural rigidity and protecting against…
Lime Kiln (lime kilns, limestone kiln) — A lime kiln is a vertical or rotary kiln that converts limestone to quicklime through high-temperature roasting…
long-distance transport (digestate transport cost, long haul digestate) — The challenge of transporting digestate more than 50–100 km from the biogas plant — transport cost exceeds fertilizer…
loudspeaker or public address system (loudspeaker, public address system) — A loudspeaker or public address system is any device used to amplify and broadcast sound over an area. Under India's…
low-solid content (low solids, dilute digestate) — A descriptive property of the liquid fraction from digestate separation or of highly diluted biogas plant effluent —…
LPG (LPG, Liquefied Petroleum Gas) — Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is a mixture of propane and butane that exists as a gas at atmospheric pressure but…

M 27 terms

magnetic separators (magnetic separators, magnetic separator) — Equipment using powerful magnetic fields to remove ferrous metals (iron, steel) from material streams on conveyor…
Maltry (maltry, malthouse) — A maltry (malthouse) is a plant where grain is germinated and dried to make malt for brewing or distilling. The…
Manganese (manganese, Mn) — Manganese (Mn) is a heavy metal regulated in effluent at a limit of 2 mg/L across most discharge modes. It causes…
Marine Coastal Areas (marine coastal discharge, coastal waters) — Marine coastal areas are sea and estuarine waters where effluent is discharged offshore. Some parameters such as…
Membrane cell process (membrane cell process, membrane cell) — The membrane cell process is the modern, mercury-free method of producing caustic soda using ion-exchange membranes.…
Membrane Separation (Membrane Separation, membrane upgrading) — Membrane separation is a biogas upgrading technology that uses semi-permeable hollow-fibre membranes to separate CO₂…
Mercury cell process (mercury cell process, mercury cell) — The mercury cell process is the older caustic-soda manufacturing route using flowing-mercury electrodes, now being…
Mesophilic (mesophilic, mesophilic digestion) — A digestion temperature range of 30–40°C at which the most common anaerobic microorganisms thrive — the preferred…
methane (CH4, natural gas) — Methane (CH4) is a colourless, odourless hydrocarbon gas and the primary component of natural gas and biogas. It is…
Methanogenesis (methanogenic stage, methane formation) — Methanogenesis is the final stage of anaerobic digestion where methanogenic archaea convert acetate, hydrogen, and…
mg/Nm3 (mg/Nm3, milligrams per normal cubic metre) — mg/Nm³ means milligrams of pollutant per normal cubic metre of dry flue gas (corrected to 0°C and 1 atmosphere). It…
MGNREGS (MGNREGA, Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme) — MGNREGS is India's rural employment guarantee scheme providing 100 days of paid work per year. Community…
micron (micron, micrometre) — One micron (μm) equals one-thousandth of a millimetre (0.001 mm). The micron is the standard unit for expressing…
Micronutrient (trace elements, trace minerals) — Essential plant nutrients required in very small quantities — including zinc, iron, manganese, copper, boron, and…
Micronutrients (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn) (zinc, copper) — The four most agronomically important trace elements — zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) —…
mixing (agitation, digester mixing) — The mechanical agitation of digester contents to maintain homogeneous conditions — essential for consistent gas…
MLD (MLD, Million Litres per Day) — MLD (Million Litres per Day) is a unit measuring large-scale liquid flow equal to 1,000,000 litres per day (1,000 KLD…
MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Ministry of Renewable Energy India) — MNRE (Ministry of New and Renewable Energy) is India's central government ministry responsible for renewable energy…
MOC (Material of Construction, material specification) — MOC (Material of Construction) — the specific material chosen for industrial equipment based on chemical…
MoEF (MoEF, MoEFCC) — Former name of India's central environmental ministry, now called MoEFCC (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate…
MoEFCC (Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change, MoEF) — MoEFCC (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change) is India's central environment ministry that frames…
Moisture Content (water content, wet basis moisture) — The mass of water in a material expressed as a percentage of total fresh weight (wet basis) or dry weight (dry…
Moisture separators (Moisture Trap, condensate trap) — A device in the biogas pipeline that removes condensed water droplets from the gas stream, preventing corrosion and…
MRF (Material Recovery Facility, Material Recovery Centre) — MRF (Material Recovery Facility) is a physical facility where mixed dry waste is sorted, segregated, and baled by…
MSME (Micro Small and Medium Enterprises, SSI) — MSME (Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises) is an Indian business classification based on investment and turnover…
Municipal Solid Waste (Municipal Solid Waste, MSW) — Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is the collective term for all solid waste generated by households, commercial…
MVA (MVA, Mega Volt-Ampere) — MVA (Mega Volt-Ampere) is a unit of apparent electrical power equal to 1,000 KVA or 1,000,000 volt-amperes. It is…

N 23 terms

NAAQS (NAAQS, NAAQS India) — NAAQS (National Ambient Air Quality Standards) are India's legally prescribed outdoor air quality limits for key…
NABET (NABET, National Accreditation Board for Education and Training) — National Accreditation Board for Education and Training — a body under the Quality Council of India (QCI) that…
Napier Grass (elephant grass, Pennisetum purpureum) — A tall perennial tropical grass (Pennisetum purpureum) that produces among the highest biomass yields of any energy…
National Bioenergy Programme (NBP, MNRE bioenergy scheme) — The National Bioenergy Programme is India's government scheme providing capital subsidies and support for biomass…
Natural Rubber Processing (natural rubber processing, rubber processing) — Natural Rubber Processing is the processing of latex into block, sheet or crepe rubber. The wastewater generation…
NDIR (non-dispersive infrared, NDIR analyser) — NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared) is a gas-analysis technique that measures CO and CO₂ by how much infrared light they…
night time (night time, night-time noise limit) — In India's noise regulation, night time is the period from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m., during which stricter ambient noise…
Nitrate Nitrogen (nitrate nitrogen, NO3-N) — Nitrate nitrogen is nitrate (NO₃-N) in wastewater, which contributes to eutrophication and to methemoglobinemia risk…
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2, NO₂) — Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) is a reddish-brown toxic gas formed by high-temperature combustion in boilers and engines. It…
Nitrogen Oxides (Nitrogen Oxides, NOx) — A family of gases (primarily nitric oxide NO and nitrogen dioxide NO₂) formed at high combustion temperatures when…
NMHC (NMHC, Non-Methane Hydrocarbons) — Non-Methane Hydrocarbons — volatile organic carbon compounds other than methane released from industrial processes…
Nm³ (Nm³, Normal cubic meter) — Normal cubic metre (Nm³) is a standardised unit for measuring gas volume at reference conditions of 0°C and 1…
No Objection Certificate (NOC, NOC full form) — A No Objection Certificate (NOC) is a formal written clearance from a competent authority stating that it has no…
NO2 (nitrogen dioxide, NO₂) — NO2 is the chemical formula for Nitrogen Dioxide — a toxic reddish-brown gas from high-temperature combustion that…
NOC (No Objection Certificate, NOC India) — A No Objection Certificate (NOC) is a formal clearance from a regulatory or local body confirming no objection to a…
Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 (Noise Rules, Noise Rules 2000) — The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 are India's federal noise regulations, framed under the…
non-flammable (non-flammable gas, inert gas) — A property of carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other non-combustible gases in biogas — CO₂ is non-flammable and acts as a…
notified silence zone (notified silence area, declared silence zone) — A notified silence zone is a silence zone that the competent authority has formally declared and published by…
NPV (Net Present Value, discounted cash flow) — NPV (Net Present Value) is the sum of all project cash flows discounted back to today's value — a positive NPV means…
nutrient burn (fertilizer burn, ammonia burn) — Crop damage caused by applying too much digestate or other nitrogen-rich fertilizer — excessive ammonium…
nutrient cycling (nutrient cycle, biogeochemical cycling) — The continuous movement of N, P, K and other plant nutrients through soil, plants, decomposers, and back to soil.…
nutrient loss (nitrogen loss, ammonia volatilisation) — The reduction in fertilizer value of digestate during storage and handling — primarily nitrogen loss through ammonia…
Nutrient-rich (nutrient-rich digestate, high nutrient content) — A descriptive property of digestate indicating it contains significant concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and…

O 15 terms

occupier (occupier, factory occupier) — The person or entity legally responsible for the operations of an industrial plant under Indian environmental and…
OCEMS (OCEMS, CEMS) — OCEMS (Online Continuous Emission Monitoring System) is CPCB's mandated stack monitoring system, where sensors…
OCMMS (OCMMS, Online Consent Management and Monitoring System) — Online Consent Management and Monitoring System — the digital portal used by State Pollution Control Boards to…
offtake (offtake agreement, offtake contract) — Offtake is a contractual commitment by a buyer to purchase a defined quantity of a producer's output at pre-agreed…
Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs, Oil Marketing Company) — Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) in India — primarily IOCL, BPCL, and HPCL — are the designated buyers of CBG under the…
OMCs (OMCs, OMC meaning) — Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs) are India's government-owned fuel distributors that purchase CBG from SATAT-registered…
operating cost (opex, operational expenditure) — The recurring annual costs of running a biogas or recycling plant after commissioning — including feedstock, energy,…
operating temperatures (digester temperature range, AD operating temperature) — The temperature range maintained in an anaerobic digester — typically 35–40°C for mesophilic digestion and 50–55°C…
OPEX (Operating Expenditure, operating cost) — OPEX (Operating Expenditure) refers to the recurring day-to-day costs of running an established business -- including…
organic carbon (soil organic carbon, SOC) — Carbon originating from living organisms or their decomposition, found in soil, organic fertilisers, and biogas…
Organic Carbon (40 – 60% of TS) (Organic Carbon (40–60% of TS), TOC fraction in digestate) — The organic carbon content of digestate dry matter — typically 40–60% of total solids — which determines soil…
organic loading rate (OLR, organic load) — OLR (Organic Loading Rate) is the mass of volatile solids fed into a digester per m3 per day (kg VS/m3/day). It…
Organic Loading Rate (OLR) (OLR, Organic Loading Rate) — Organic Loading Rate (OLR) is the mass of volatile solids fed into a biogas digester per unit volume per day,…
Over-mixing (excessive agitation, over-agitation) — Excessive mechanical agitation in an anaerobic digester that disrupts microbial aggregates and reduces gas yield —…
over-processing (excessive preprocessing, over-shredding) — Reducing feedstock particle size beyond what is beneficial for digestion — over-processing increases energy…

P 39 terms

pathogen destruction (pathogen destruction, pathogen removal) — The reduction of disease-causing microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, parasites) in digestate to levels considered safe…
payback period (simple payback, capital recovery period) — Payback period is the number of years required for a project's cumulative net cash inflows to recover the initial…
pelletization (pelletization, pelleting) — Compressing dried organic material into dense pellets via a die press. For digestate, it raises bulk density 2–3× and…
Pelletized (pelletised digestate, pelletised organic manure) — Processed into small, dense, cylindrical pellets by a pellet mill press. Pelletised digestate has higher bulk…
per hectare (per ha, /ha) — A unit of measurement expressing agricultural yield, input use, or economic value on a land area basis — hectares are…
performance measures (KPIs biogas plant, plant performance indicators) — The key operational metrics used to assess how well a biogas or recycling plant is performing — including gas yield,…
peristaltic pump (Peristaltic pump, hose pump) — A pump that moves fluid by squeezing a flexible hose or tube in a rolling motion, so the pump mechanism never…
pH (pH, acidity) — A logarithmic scale from 0 to 14 measuring the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. Anaerobic digesters operate…
Phenolic compounds (phenols, phenolic compounds) — Phenolic compounds are phenols (as C₆H₅OH) — toxic, taste-and-odour-producing organics from petroleum, pulp & paper…
phosphorus (P, phosphate) — A macronutrient essential for root development, energy transfer (ATP), and seed formation in plants. In digestate,…
Plant Availability (Plant Availability, equipment availability) — The percentage of scheduled time that a plant or piece of equipment is fully operational and ready to produce output,…
plant operations (plant operation, facility operations) — Plant operations are the day-to-day activities that keep a manufacturing or processing facility running — feedstock…
PLC (PLC, PLC meaning) — A PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) is a ruggedised industrial computer that automates process control by executing…
PLC-based control (PLC-based control, PLC) — PLC-based control refers to industrial automation systems in which a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) — a…
Plug-flow (plug flow reactor, horizontal flow digester) — A biogas digester design where feedstock enters at one end and moves through the vessel with minimal back-mixing,…
PM10 (RSPM, Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter) — PM10 refers to airborne particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometres or less. These coarse particles are…
PM2.5 (fine particulate matter, PM 2.5) — PM2.5 refers to airborne particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less. These fine particles…
PMEGP (Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme, PMEGP loan) — PMEGP (Prime Minister's Employment Generation Programme) is a GoI credit-linked subsidy scheme administered by KVIC…
PNG (PNG, PNG gas) — Piped Natural Gas (PNG) is natural gas delivered to homes and businesses through underground pipelines. CBG plants…
Pollution Control Boards (CPCB and SPCB, pollution control board) — Pollution Control Boards are the statutory regulators — the CPCB at the centre and SPCBs in each state — that issue…
Positive Displacement Pump (Positive Displacement Pump, PD pump) — A pump category that moves fluid by trapping a fixed volume per cycle and forcing it through the discharge. Delivers…
potassium (K, K₂O) — A macronutrient essential for crop growth, water regulation, stress tolerance, and yield quality. Highly…
power consumption requirements (electricity requirement, energy consumption plant) — The total electrical energy required to operate a biogas plant — covering mixing, pumping, gas compression,…
ppm (ppm, parts per million) — Parts per million (ppm) is a unit of concentration expressing how many units of a substance exist in one million…
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) (PSA, Pressure Swing Adsorption) — Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is a gas separation technology used to upgrade biogas by selectively adsorbing CO₂,…
price volatility (commodity price volatility, market price risk) — The degree of unpredictable price fluctuation for feedstocks or products over time. High volatility increases…
Prior Environmental Clearance (Environmental Clearance, EC) — Prior Environmental Clearance (EC) is the approval from MoEFCC or SEIAA that must be obtained before any construction…
process balance and efficiency (process balance, digester process efficiency) — The overall operational state of an anaerobic digester reflecting the balance between acid production and acid…
process shock (digester shock, operational shock) — A sudden disruption to digester operating conditions — temperature change, pH crash, or feedstock composition change…
processing level (level of processing, processing stage) — The degree to which a material has been processed in a recycling or biogas plant — ranging from initial collection…
profitability (project profitability, net profit) — The financial surplus generated by a biogas or recycling plant after covering all operating costs, debt service, and…
Progressive cavity pump (Progressive cavity pump, PC pump) — A positive-displacement pump that uses a helical rotor turning inside a double-helix elastomeric stator to move fluid…
Progressive Cavity Pump (PCP) (PCP, PC pump) — A positive-displacement pump where a helical metal rotor turns inside a rubber stator to create sealed cavities that…
PSA (PSA, VPSA) — Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) is a biogas upgrading technology that removes CO2 and impurities by selective…
PSA/VPSA (PSA, VPSA) — Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) and Vacuum Pressure Swing Adsorption (VPSA) are gas purification technologies that…
public consultation (public consultation, public hearing) — Stage 3 of India's Environmental Clearance process — a mandatory public hearing and written comment period in which…
public emergency (public emergency exemption, emergency) — A public emergency is a situation involving an immediate threat to public safety, health or welfare, during which…
Public Sewers (public sewer, municipal sewer) — Public sewers are the municipal sewer network. Effluent may be discharged into them only if the sewer leads to a…
Pulp & Paper (pulp and paper, paper mill) — Pulp & Paper is the paper-manufacturing industry. Wastewater generation benchmarks are about 175 m³ per tonne for…

Q 2 terms

QCI (QCI, Quality Council of India) — Quality Council of India — the apex national accreditation body that operates accreditation schemes for testing…
quality standards (product quality standards, quality specification) — The specifications that CBG and recycled material products must meet for sale — including IS 16087:2016 for…

R 10 terms

Radioactive materials (radioactive materials, radionuclides) — Radioactive materials are alpha- and beta-emitting radionuclides in wastewater, measured in micro-curie/ml. They are…
RCC (RCC, Reinforced Cement Concrete) — Reinforced Cement Concrete — a composite construction material combining concrete with embedded steel bars or mesh to…
Receiving Environment (receiving area, receptor environment) — The receiving environment is the surrounding area into which a plant's emissions disperse and where air quality is…
Receiving Water Body (receiving water, receiving stream) — A receiving water body is any river, stream, lake, pond, coastal area or land into which treated effluent is finally…
Recovery Increase (EOR recovery increase, oil recovery rate increase) — The incremental oil production gain from enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques using CO₂ injection — typically…
recovery yield (material recovery rate, yield rate) — Recovery yield is the percentage of input material weight that becomes usable, saleable output from a recycling…
regulatory compliance problems (compliance challenges, regulatory hurdles) — The difficulties in meeting environmental, safety, and commercial regulations for biogas and recycling plants —…
residential areas (residential area, residential zone) — A residential area is one of the four zone categories in India's noise regulation, covering areas designated for…
Reverse Osmosis (RO, RO membrane) — A water purification process where pressure drives water through a semi-permeable membrane, rejecting dissolved…
RSPM (Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter, PM10) — RSPM (Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter) refers to airborne particles of 10 µm or smaller (PM10) that penetrate…

S 54 terms

Centrifugal Slurry Pump (centrifugal slurry pump, submersible slurry pump) — A pump specifically designed to handle abrasive slurries containing suspended solids, used in biogas plants to…
Salmonella (Salmonella spp., Salmonella pathogen) — A genus of pathogenic bacteria found in animal waste that causes food poisoning in humans. Elimination to below…
SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation, SATAT scheme) — SATAT is India's 2018 government scheme for bio-CNG producers, providing guaranteed offtake through Oil Marketing…
SATAT scheme (SATAT, Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) — SATAT (Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation) is the Government of India's flagship policy to…
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, industrial monitoring system) — SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is an industrial monitoring and control system that collects…
scoping (scoping, EIA scoping) — Stage 2 of India's Environmental Clearance process — the step in which the Expert Appraisal Committee defines the…
screening (screening, EIA screening) — Stage 1 of India's Environmental Clearance process — the step that determines whether a proposed project requires an…
Screw press or decanter centrifuge (screw press separator, decanter centrifuge) — A mechanical solid-liquid separator used to divide liquid digestate into a pressed solid cake and a nutrient-rich…
SEAC (SEAC, State EAC) — The State Expert Appraisal Committee (SEAC) is the state-level technical committee that reviews EIA reports for…
Second Schedule (Second Schedule, Second Schedule consent guidelines) — The schedule appended to India's 2025 Consolidated Consent Guidelines (GSR 84(E)) that prescribes the maximum fee…
Secondary treatment (secondary treatment, biological treatment stage) — Secondary treatment is the biological wastewater treatment stage — such as activated sludge or biofilters — that…
Section 21 (Section 21, Section 21 Air Act) — The provision of India's Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 that requires every person intending to…
SEIAA (SEIAA, State EIA Authority) — SEIAA (State Environment Impact Assessment Authority) is the state-level body in India that grants Environmental…
Selenium (selenium, Se) — Selenium (Se) is a toxic metalloid that bioaccumulates in aquatic food chains. The inland surface water and public…
settle (settlement, sedimentation) — The natural process by which suspended solids in liquid digestate sink to the bottom of a tank or lagoon over time —…
Sewage (sewage, domestic wastewater) — Sewage is wastewater from domestic sources — toilets, sinks, kitchens — typically processed through Sewage Treatment…
shelf life (product shelf life, storage life) — The period during which dried digestate pellets or organic fertilizer products maintain their quality specification —…
SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India, SIDBI loan) — SIDBI (Small Industries Development Bank of India) is India's apex development finance institution for the MSME…
silage (ensiled biomass, fermented fodder) — Chopped green biomass preserved by lactic acid fermentation in an airtight environment, used as year-round livestock…
Silence Zone (Silence Zone, noise sensitive zone) — A designated noise-restricted area within 100 metres of hospitals, educational institutions, courts, and religious…
silence zones (silence zone, silence area/zone) — A silence zone is an area of at least 100 metres around hospitals, educational institutions and courts where the…
silica gel (silica gel, silica gel desiccant) — Silica gel is a porous, granular form of amorphous silicon dioxide (SiO₂) used as a desiccant to absorb and hold…
Siloxanes (siloxanes, volatile siloxanes) — Silicon-oxygen compounds found as trace contaminants in biogas — particularly from municipal solid waste and sewage…
Slurry (feed slurry, digester slurry) — A semi-liquid mixture of organic feedstock and water fed into a biogas digester. Typically 4–12% total solids, it…
Smelter (smelting furnace, metal smelter) — A smelter is a high-temperature furnace that extracts or refines metal from ore concentrates or scrap. It is a major…
SO2 (sulphur dioxide, sulfur dioxide) — SO2 is the chemical formula for Sulphur Dioxide — an acidic gas released from burning sulphur-bearing fuels and from…
soil amendment (soil conditioner, soil improver) — Material added to soil to improve its physical structure, chemical fertility, or biological activity. Digestate,…
sound pressure level (SPL, sound pressure level (SPL)) — Sound pressure level (SPL) is a measure of sound intensity relative to a fixed reference pressure, expressed in…
sound-emitting fire crackers (firecrackers, sound-emitting firecrackers) — Sound-emitting fire crackers are explosive devices designed to produce loud bangs. Under India's Noise Rules and…
SPCB (State Pollution Control Board, Pollution Control Committee) — State Pollution Control Board — the state-level statutory authority responsible for issuing, monitoring, and…
Specific Gravity (Specific Gravity, SG) — Specific Gravity (SG) is the ratio of a substance's density to the density of a reference material — water for…
SPM (SPM, Total Suspended Particles) — SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter) is the total mass concentration of all airborne particles in the atmosphere, a…
SRU (sulphur recovery unit, Claus unit) — SRU stands for Sulphur Recovery Unit — a refinery process that converts hydrogen sulphide into elemental sulphur to…
SS 304 (SS 304, Stainless Steel 304) — The most widely used austenitic stainless steel grade — containing 18% chromium and 8% nickel — offering good…
SS 316 (SS 316, Stainless Steel 316) — A molybdenum-alloyed austenitic stainless steel grade offering superior resistance to corrosion from chlorides,…
SSI (Small Scale Industry, MSME) — Small Scale Industry (SSI) is India's legacy classification for smaller industrial units, now superseded by the MSME…
Stack (chimney, flue stack) — A stack is the vertical chimney or duct that releases treated exhaust gases into the atmosphere at a height that…
Stack height (chimney height, minimum stack height) — Stack height is the minimum chimney height prescribed by CPCB rules so that pollutants disperse safely above the…
stack height requirements (stack height norms, chimney height requirement) — Stack height requirements are the mandatory minimum heights that CPCB sets for the exhaust stacks of diesel…
State Environment Impact Assessment Authority (SEIAA, State EIA Authority) — State Environment Impact Assessment Authority — the state-level statutory body responsible for granting Environmental…
State Level Monitoring Committee (State Level Monitoring Committee, SLMC) — A supervisory body constituted under India's 2025 consent guidelines to decide CTE and CTO applications when the…
State Pollution Control Board (SPCB, State PCB) — A State Pollution Control Board (SPCB) is the state-level body in India that issues Consent to Establish and Consent…
State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) (SPCB, State Pollution Control Board) — State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) are state-level statutory bodies that implement India's environmental laws —…
State Pollution Control Committees (SPCCs) (SPCC, Pollution Control Committee) — State Pollution Control Committees (SPCCs) are the pollution-control authorities for India's Union Territories,…
stator (pump stator, PCP stator) — The stationary helical rubber sleeve inside a Progressive Cavity Pump that seals against the rotor to form the moving…
STP (STP, STP meaning) — An STP (Sewage Treatment Plant) is a facility that treats domestic sewage and municipal wastewater to remove organic…
subsidized (subsidised, government subsidy) — Describes compressed biogas projects that benefit from government financial support — including MNRE capital…
suitable (suitable feedstock, suitable material) — A suitability determination for materials in biogas or recycling processes — describing whether a feedstock,…
Sulphide (sulphide, sulfide) — Sulphide is the sulphide ion (as S) in wastewater — corrosive, odorous and toxic. The inland surface water effluent…
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2, sulfur dioxide) — Sulphur Dioxide (SO₂) is an acidic, pungent gas released from burning sulphur-bearing fuels and from smelters. It is…
Sulphur Recovery Unit (SRU, Claus unit) — A Sulphur Recovery Unit (SRU) is a process unit in oil refineries that converts hydrogen sulphide from sour gas into…
Sulphuric acid mist (H2SO4 mist, sulfuric acid mist) — Sulphuric acid mist is a fine aerosol of H₂SO₄ released from sulphuric acid plants and metal pickling that is highly…
Summary EIA (Summary EIA, EIA Summary) — A Summary EIA is a condensed version of a full Environmental Impact Assessment report, limited to a maximum of 10 A4…
Suspended solids (TSS, total suspended solids) — Suspended solids are the undissolved particles in wastewater. The inland surface water limit is 100 mg/L; public…

T 22 terms

Tanneries (tannery, leather tannery) — Tanneries are the leather-processing industry. The wastewater generation benchmark is 28 cubic metres per tonne of…
TDS (TDS, TDS meaning) — TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) is the total concentration of dissolved mineral salts in water, measured in mg/L. High…
Terms of Reference (ToR, TOR EIA) — Terms of Reference (ToR) is the EIA scoping document issued by EAC or SEAC that defines exactly what studies and…
Tertiary treatment (tertiary treatment, advanced treatment) — Tertiary treatment is the advanced wastewater treatment stage beyond conventional secondary biological treatment,…
Thermal Hydrolysis (Hydrolysis, thermal hydrolysis pretreatment) — Thermal Hydrolysis is a biogas pretreatment process that heats feedstock under elevated pressure to break down…
thermophilic (thermophilic, thermophilic digestion) — A digestion temperature range of 50–60°C in which heat-tolerant microorganisms break down organic matter faster than…
Thermophilic Digestion (thermophilic anaerobic digestion, high-temperature digestion) — Anaerobic digestion at 50–60°C using heat-adapted bacteria. Faster digestion and superior pathogen kill compared to…
Time Weighted Average (TWA, time-weighted average) — Time Weighted Average (TWA) is the average pollutant concentration measured over a defined exposure period — 24…
tonnes/hectare/year (t/ha/yr, t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) — The standard unit for expressing annual biomass yield from agricultural land — tonnes of fresh or dry material…
ToR (ToR, ToR EIA) — Terms of Reference (ToR) is the scoping document issued by the EIA regulator (EAC or SEAC) that specifies exactly…
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN, Kjeldahl nitrogen) — Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) is the sum of organic nitrogen plus ammoniacal nitrogen in a sample, expressed as NH₃.…
Total Nitrogen (1.5 – 3.5% of TS) (TN, total N) — The sum of all nitrogen forms — organic, ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite — in a material, expressed in g/kg or % of…
Total residual chlorine (total residual chlorine, TRC) — Total residual chlorine is the free plus combined chlorine remaining in water after disinfection. The inland surface…
Total Solids (TS, Total Solids (TS)) — Total Solids (TS) is the percentage of dry matter in an organic feedstock — a critical parameter for calculating…
Total Solids (TS) (Total Solids, TS) — Total Solids (TS) is the percentage of solid matter remaining in a material after all water has been removed,…
TPA (Tonnes Per Annum, tons per year) — TPA (Tonnes Per Annum) is a capacity and throughput metric expressing how many metric tonnes a facility processes or…
TPD (TPD, Tonnes Per Day) — Tonnes Per Day (TPD) is the standard unit expressing a plant's processing or production capacity on a daily basis. It…
TPH (TPH, Tonnes Per Hour) — Tonnes Per Hour (TPH) is the standard unit for expressing the instantaneous throughput rate of recycling equipment or…
Transport distance (feedstock transport radius, supply chain distance) — The distance between the feedstock source and the biogas plant — a critical project siting factor, as transport cost…
TS (TS, total solids percentage) — Total Solids (TS) is the percentage of solid material in a feedstock or digestate by weight. It determines whether…
TSP (triple super phosphate, triple superphosphate) — TSP stands for Triple Super Phosphate — a high-grade phosphatic fertiliser containing about 46% P₂O₅. The wastewater…
TSS (TSS, TSS meaning) — TSS (Total Suspended Solids) is the concentration of particles suspended in water that are retained on a filter, used…

U 5 terms

Udyog Aadhaar (Udyog Aadhar, Udyam Registration) — Udyog Aadhaar is the MSME registration number issued to micro, small and medium enterprises by the Ministry of MSME,…
ug/m3 (ug/m3, micrograms per cubic metre) — µg/m³ means micrograms of pollutant per cubic metre of ambient air. It is the standard unit for NAAQS ambient air…
UL (UL, Underwriters Laboratories) — Underwriters Laboratories — a US-based independent product safety testing and certification organisation. Equipment…
units (measurement units, units of measurement) — The standardised measurement units used in biogas and recycling project reports — including Nm³ for gas volume, TPD…
USD 0.65–1.15 per GGE ($0.65–$1.15/GGE, biogas production cost per GGE) — The indicative production cost range for compressed biogas — USD 0.65 to 1.15 per gasoline gallon equivalent (GGE) —…

V 14 terms

Vanadium (vanadium, V) — Vanadium (V) is a trace heavy metal from steel and petrochemical industries. The effluent limit is 0.2 mg/L across…
vehicle fuel and pipeline standards (fuel standards for vehicles, pipeline quality standard) — The technical specifications that compressed biogas must meet for use as a vehicle fuel or for injection into a…
VFA (VFA, VFAs) — Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) are short-chain organic acids produced as intermediates in anaerobic digestion. Elevated…
VFAs (VFAs, VFA) — Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) are intermediate organic acids — primarily acetic, propionic, and butyric acid — produced…
VFD (VFD, VSD) — A VFD (Variable Frequency Drive) is an electronic device that controls AC motor speed by varying frequency and…
VFDs (VFDs, VFD) — Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) are electronic devices that control the speed of electric motors by varying the…
Viscose Filament Yarn (VFY, viscose filament yarn) — Viscose Filament Yarn (VFY) is a continuous-filament regenerated cellulose yarn used in textiles. It is the most…
Viscose Rayon (viscose rayon, rayon) — Viscose Rayon is a regenerated cellulose textile fibre made from wood pulp. The wastewater generation benchmark is…
Viscose Staple Fibre (VSF, viscose staple fibre) — Viscose Staple Fibre (VSF) is a short-length regenerated cellulose fibre used for blending with cotton or wool. The…
Viscosity (dynamic viscosity, kinematic viscosity) — A fluid property measuring resistance to flow, expressed in Pascal-seconds (Pa·s) or centipoise (cP). Higher…
VOCs (VOCs, VOC) — Volatile Organic Compounds — organic chemicals that evaporate easily at room temperature, contributing to air…
volatile fatty acids (VFA, VFAs) — Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) are short-chain organic acids produced as intermediate compounds during anaerobic…
Volatile Solids (VS, organic volatile solids) — The fraction of total solids in a feedstock or digestate that is organic and can be combusted or anaerobically…
voltage fluctuations (voltage fluctuation, voltage variation) — Voltage fluctuations are variations in the supply voltage above or below its nominal level. Common on Indian…

W 7 terms

Waste-to-Energy (WtE, W2E) — The process of generating usable energy — electricity, heat, or fuel — from waste materials that would otherwise go…
Wastewater (wastewater, waste water) — Wastewater is used water from domestic, industrial or commercial activities that contains dissolved or suspended…
Wastewater Generation Standards (wastewater generation benchmarks, water consumption standards) — Wastewater Generation Standards are indicative quantity benchmarks — cubic metres of wastewater per tonne or…
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (Water Act, Water Act 1974) — The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is the foundational Indian law that established CPCB and…
Water Act (Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, Water Act 1974) — The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 established CPCB and the SPCBs and requires industries to…
Water Scrubbing (water scrubbing, water wash upgrading) — A biogas upgrading process that removes CO₂ by dissolving it selectively in pressurised water, leaving behind a…
wear part (wearing part, consumable part) — A pump or machine component that undergoes gradual physical degradation during normal operation due to friction,…

Z 1 term

ZLD (ZLD, ZLD meaning) — Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) is a wastewater treatment approach that recovers all process water for reuse and…

# 38 terms

$1.9-2.0M (USD 1.9–2.0 million, CBG plant capital cost estimate) — An indicative capital cost estimate of USD 1.9–2.0 million for a small commercial CBG plant — a planning benchmark…
$15.2B ($15.2 billion, biogas global market size) — An indicative global market size estimate of USD 15.2 billion for the compressed biogas or biomethane sector — used…
$37.6B ($37.6 billion, biogas market forecast) — A projected global biogas market value of USD 37.6 billion — a forward-looking forecast used in sector reports to…
0.3–0.4 (VFA/alkalinity ratio 0.3–0.4, FOS/TAC ratio) — The healthy VFA-to-alkalinity ratio in an anaerobic digester — 0.3 to 0.4 indicates a stable, well-buffered system…
1% to 2% (1–2%, methane loss fraction) — The accepted methane slip range for biogas upgrading systems, representing gas lost during processing rather than…
1.5–15 g/kg (fresh basis) (nitrogen content fresh basis, digestate nitrogen range) — The typical nitrogen concentration in fresh digestate — 1.5 to 15 grams of total nitrogen per kilogram of wet…
10%–20% (10–20% TS, semi-dry digestion range) — The total solids range for semi-dry anaerobic digestion feed — bridging wet (below 10% TS) and dry (above 20% TS)…
150–200 (150–200 m³/tonne, biogas yield range 150–200) — A typical biogas yield range of 150–200 normal cubic metres per tonne of fresh crop residue — a planning benchmark…
15–30% (15–30% moisture, pellet moisture range) — The residual moisture content for pelletized digestate — low enough for stable storage and transport without spoilage…
15–35% solids (15–35% TS, dewatered digestate solids) — The typical dry solids content of the solid fraction from a mechanical digestate separator — high enough to be…
200 and 250 bar (200 bar, 250 bar) — The standard cascade filling pressures for compressed biogas cylinders — 200 bar for older infrastructure and 250 bar…
200-250 bar (200–250 bar, CBG filling pressure) — The standard pressure range for compressed biogas storage — biogas is compressed to 200–250 bar for storage in…
200:5:1 (C:N:P ratio 200:5:1, carbon nitrogen phosphorus ratio) — The ideal carbon-to-nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratio for anaerobic digestion feedstock — 200 parts carbon to 5 parts…
200–250 bar (200-250 bar, high-pressure CBG storage) — Standard pressure range for compressed biogas cylinders used in cascade storage banks and vehicle fuelling dispensers…
20:1 to 30:1 (C:N ratio 20–30, carbon nitrogen ratio biogas) — The optimal carbon-to-nitrogen ratio range for anaerobic digestion feedstock — 20 to 30 parts carbon per 1 part…
20:1–30:1 (20:1 to 30:1, C:N ratio 20–30:1) — The optimal C:N ratio range for anaerobic digestion — 20:1 to 30:1 — the same concept as 20:1 to 30:1, appearing here…
20–40% (20–40% DM, digestate dry matter range) — The dry matter content of solid digestate after mechanical separation — 20–40% DM makes it stackable for storage and…
250 (250 bar, CBG 250 bar) — The high-pressure storage specification of 250 bar for modern compressed biogas and CNG cylinder systems — the…
28–36 times more harmful (methane GWP 28, methane GWP 34) — The global warming potential of methane relative to CO₂ — methane traps 28–36× more heat over 100 years, making…
2–24 hours (homogenisation time 2–24 hours, feedstock mixing time) — The recommended holding time for feedstock homogenisation before entering the digester — 2 to 24 hours ensures…
45–60°C (45–60°C pasteurisation, pathogen kill temperature) — The temperature range used for pasteurisation or hygienisation of digestate — holding material at 45–60°C for…
4–6 times annually (4–6 annual harvests, Napier grass harvest frequency) — The typical annual harvest frequency for high-yield energy crops like Napier grass used as biogas feedstock — 4 to 6…
4–8% solids (4–8% TS liquid fraction, separator liquid effluent) — The typical total solids content of the liquid fraction produced when digestate is separated using a screw press or…
5,000 CBG plants (5,000 biogas plants target, SATAT 5000 plants) — The Indian government's SATAT scheme target of establishing 5,000 compressed biogas plants across India — the policy…
50–70% (50–70% moisture, solid fraction moisture content) — The typical moisture content of the solid fraction from a digestate screw press or centrifuge — the material still…
6 months to 2 years (pump stator lifespan, progressive cavity pump wear life) — The typical service life of a stator (rubber sleeve) in a progressive cavity pump handling digestate — replacement…
6-12 months (6–12 months shelf life, digestate pellet storage life) — The typical shelf life for properly stored digestate pellets or compost products — 6 to 12 months when kept dry and…
6–12 months (6-12 months, digestate storage period) — The recommended maximum storage duration for dried organic fertilizer products from biogas plants — beyond 12 months,…
80–95% (80–95% moisture, raw digestate water content) — The moisture content of raw (unseparated) digestate leaving an anaerobic digester — mostly water, requiring…
8–15% (8–15% TS, wet AD total solids) — The total solids range for the feedstock in a wet anaerobic digestion system — the most common configuration for…
90% (90% methane, minimum methane content CBG) — The minimum methane content required for compressed biogas under IS 16087:2016 — at least 90% methane by volume…
97%–99% (97–99% CH4, biomethane purity range) — The methane purity range for premium-grade compressed biogas or biomethane intended for pipeline injection — well…
< 15% (below 15% DM, under 15% total solids) — The threshold below which digestate dry matter content is too low for practical solid handling — material below 15%…
>99.9% (>99.9% CH4, ultra-pure biomethane) — The strictest methane purity specification — greater than 99.9% — used for specialised industrial or laboratory…
~3,000 rpm (3000 rpm, centrifuge speed) — The typical operating speed for a centrifuge decanter used in digestate separation — around 3,000 rpm generates the…
₹3.16 crore (₹3.16 crore, INR 3.16 crore) — An indicative project capital cost of ₹3.16 crore — a benchmark figure from a business plan model for a small-scale…
₹54/kg (₹54 per kg, SATAT CBG purchase price) — A historical SATAT scheme reference purchase price for compressed biogas at ₹54 per kilogram — the assured OMC…
₹96,000 (₹96,000, INR 96000) — A specific project cost figure of ₹96,000 — an indicative benchmark from a business plan model, typically…

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A 45 terms

B 23 terms

C 57 terms

D 22 terms

E 25 terms

F 15 terms

G 16 terms

H 14 terms

I 14 terms

K 4 terms

L 13 terms

M 27 terms

N 23 terms

O 15 terms

P 39 terms

Q 2 terms

R 10 terms

S 54 terms

T 22 terms

U 5 terms

V 14 terms

W 7 terms

Z 1 term

# 38 terms

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